The Maternal Wall

1. Correll, Shelley, Stephen Benard and In Paik. “Getting a Job: Is there a Motherhood Penalty.” The Am. J. of Soc. 112 (2007): 1297-338.

2. Fiske, Susan T. et al. “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition.” J. Pers’lty & Soc. Psychol. 82 (2002): 878-902; see also Eckes, Thomas. “Paternalistic and Envious Gender Stereotypes: Testing Predictions from the Stereotype Content Model.” Sex Roles 47 (2002): 99-114, 99, 110; Glick, Peter and Susan T. Fiske. “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism as Complementary Justifications for Gender Inequality.” Am. Psychol. 56 (2001): 109-18, 109, 113. See Cuddy, Amy J.C. et al. “When Professionals Become Mothers, Warmth Doesn’t Cut the Ice.” J. Soc. Issues 60 (2004): 701-18, 701, 712-13.

3. Peplau, Letitia A. “The Paradox of the Lesbian Worker.” J. of Soc. Issues 60 (2004): 719-35.

4. Harvard Women’s Law Association. Presumed Equal: What America’s Top Women Lawyer’s Really Think About Their Firms. (1995): 72, quoted in Rhode, Deborah L. “Myths of Meritocracy.” Fordham L. Rev. 65 (1996): 585-94, 585, 588.

5. Mason, Mary Ann and Marc Goulden. “Federal Grants and the Academic Pipeline.” Working paper, University of California at Berkeley (2006).

6. Kobrynowicz, Diane and Monica Biernat. “Decoding Subjective Evaluations: How Stereotypes Provide Shifting Standards.” J. Experimental Soc. Psychol. 33 (1997): 579-601, 579, 587.

7. Blair-Loy, Mary and Amy S. Wharton. “Mothers in Finance: Surviving and Thriving.” ANNALS of Amer. Acad. of Pol. and Soc. Sci. 596 (2004): 151-71.

8. Lisa Arkin v. Univ. of Oregon, 8 Wage 2, available at http://www.wage.org/doc/text/14arkin.html (accessed June 23, 2009).

9. Schneider v. Northwestern University, 925 F. Supp. 1347 (N.D. Ill. 1996).

10. WLL Focus Group, 2007-2008. Note that unless otherwise cited, all quotes come from focus groups conducted by the Center for WorkLife Law in 2007 and 2008.

11. Drago, Robert et al. “Bias Against Caregiving.” Academe Online 91 (September, October, 2005): 22-25, note 9, available at http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2005/SO/Feat/drag.htm.

12. Colbeck, Carol L. and Robert Drago. “Accept, Avoid, Resist: Faculty Members’ Responses to Bias Against Caregiving... And How Departments Can Help.” Change Magazine 37 (2005): 10-17.

13. See Glauber, Rebecca. “Marriage and the Motherhood Wage Penalty Among African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites.” J. Marriage & Fam. 69 (2007): 951-61, 951.

14. Correll, Shelley, Stephen Benard and In Paik. “Getting a Job: Is there a Motherhood Penalty.” The Am. J. of Soc. 112 (2007): 1297-338.

15. Gans Epner, Janet E. “Visible Invisibility: Women of Color in Law Firms, ABA Commission on Women in the Profession.” EEOC Enforcement Guidance, Unlawful Disparate Treatment of Workers With Caregiving Responsibilities (2006), available at http://www.eeoc.gov/policy/docs/caregiving.html (accessed June 23, 2009).

16. See Butler, Adam B. and Amie Skattebo. “What Is Acceptable for Women May Not Be for Men: The Effect of Family Conflicts with Work on Job Performance Ratings.” J. Occup. & Org. Psychol. 77 (2004): 553-64, 553, 553-59. See also Allen, Tammy D. and Joyce E. Russell. “Parental Leave of Absence: Some Not so Family-Friendly Implications.” J. Applied Soc. Psychol. 29 (1999): 166-91, 166; Wayne, Julie H. and Bryanne L. Cordeiro. “Who Is a Good Organizational Citizen?: Social Perception of Male and Female Employees Who Use Family Leave.” Sex Roles 49 (2003): 233-46, 233-34; and Dickson, Christine E. “The Impact of Family Supportive Policies and Practices on Perceived Family Discrimination.” (2003): 7. Unpublished dissertation, California School of Organizational Studies, Alliant International University (on file with authors).

17. Drago, Robert et al. “Bias Against Caregiving.” Academe Online 91 (September, October, 2005): 22-25, available at http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2005/SO/Feat/drag.htm (accessed June 23, 2009).

18. The UC Faculty Family Friendly Edge. “Creating a Family Friendly Department: Chairs and Deans Toolkit.” 17, available at http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu/ChairsandDeansToolkitFinal7-07.pdf (accessed June 23, 2009).

19. The UC Faculty Family Friendly Edge. “Creating a Family Friendly Department: Chairs and Deans Toolkit.” 17, available at http://ucfamilyedge.berkeley.edu/ChairsandDeansToolkitFinal7-07.pdf (accessed June 23, 2009).

Double Standards

1. Lunbeck, Elizabeth. “The Status of Women in the Historical Profession.” Committee on Women Historians, American Historical Association (2005): 6.

2. WLL Focus Group, 2007-2008. Note that unless otherwise cited, all quotes come from focus groups conducted by the Center for WorkLife Law in 2007 and 2008.

3. Swim, Janet K. and Lawrence J. Sana. “He's Skilled, She's Lucky: A Meta-Analysis of Observers' Attributions for Women's and Men's Successes and Failures.” Personality and Soc. Psychol. Bull. 22 (1996): 507-19 .

4. Wilson, Robin. “Where Elite Teach, It’s Still a Man’s World.” The Chronicle of Higher Education December 3, 2004 in “A Special Report, Women in Higher Education."

5. Huang, Penelope. “Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling and the Maternal Wall: Summary of Focus Group conducted at the 2007 Grace Hopper Conference” (2007).

6. Ridgeway, Cecilia. “Gender, Status, and Leadership.” J. of Soc. Issues 57 (2001): 637-55; Ridgeway, Cecilia L. and Shelley J. Correll. “Limiting Inequality through Interaction: The End(s) of Gender.” Contemporary Soc'y 29 (2000): 110-20, 110, 113 .

7. Lunbeck, Elizabeth. “The Status of Women in the Historical Profession.” Committee on Women Historians, American Historical Association (2005): 18, n. 1 .

8. Farley, Christine Haight. “Confronting Expectations: Women in the Legal Academy.” Yale J. L. & Feminism 8 (1996): 333; Linville, Patricia W. and Edward E. Jones. “Polarized Appraisals of Out-Group Members.” J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 38 (1980): 689, 691-92; Williams, Joan C. “Social Psychology of Stereotyping.” Chicago Kent College of Law Employee Rights and Employment Policy Journal, 7(2) (2003): 401-58, 418; and Yoder, Janice D. “Looking Beyond Numbers: The Effect of Gender Status, Job Prestige, and Occupational Gender-Typing on Tokenism Processes.” Soc. Psych. Q. 57 (1994): 150-9. See also Biernat, Monica et al. “All You Can Be: Stereotyping of Self and Others in a Military Context.” J. Personality & Soc. Psych. 75 (1998): 301-17, 301, 304; and Taylor, Shelly E. A Categorization Approach to Stereotyping, in Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior, edited by David L. Hamilton, 84. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Associates, 198 1.

Double Binds

1. Glick, Peter and Susan T. Fiske. “An Ambivalent Alliance: Hostile and Benevolent Sexism as Complementary Justifications of Gender Inequality.” American Psychologist 56 (2001): 109-18.

2. Georgi, Howard. “Is There an Unconscious Discrimination Against Women in Science?” APS News Online (January 2000), available at http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hgeorgi/women/backpage.htm (accessed June 23, 2009).

3. WLL Focus Group, 2007-2008. Note that unless otherwise cited, all quotes come from focus groups conducted by the Center for WorkLife Law in 2007 and 2008.

4. Norton, Donna. Selected quotations from the ACE Fellows Questionnaires, January 9, 2007.

5. Eagly, Alice H. and Steven J. Karau. “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders.” Psychol. Rev. 109 (2002): 573-98, 573, 574; Rudman, Laurie A. “Self-Promotion as a Risk Factor for Women: The Costs and Benefits of Counterstereotypical Impression Management.” J. of Personality and Soc. Psychol. 74 (1998): 629-45.

6. Ibid.

7. Confidential interview by Joan Williams (June 2008).

8. Georgi, Howard. “Is There an Unconscious Discrimination Against Women in Science?” APS News Online (January 2000), available at http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~hgeorgi/women/backpage.htm (accessed June 23, 2009).

9.  Nadis, Steve. “Women Scientists Unite to Battle Cowboy Culture.” Nature 398 (1999): 361.

10. Fiske, Susan T. et al. “A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition.” J. of Personality & Soc. Psychol. 82 (2002): 878-902, 878, 885-88; see also Nishi, Setsuko M. “Perceptions and Deceptions: Contemporary Views of Asian Americans,” in A Look Beyond the Model Minority Image: Critical Issues in Asian America, edited by Grace Yun, 3, 6. New York: Minority Rights Group 1989.

11. Nishi, Setsuko M. “Perceptions and Deceptions: Contemporary Views of Asian Americans,” in A Look Beyond the Model Minority Image: Critical Issues in Asian America, edited by Grace Yun,6. New York: Minority Rights Group 1989.

Gender Wars

1. Taylor, Shelley E. “A Categorization Approach to Stereotyping” in Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior, edited by David L. Hamilton, 83-84. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Associates, 1981.

2. WLL Focus Group, 2007-2008. Note that unless otherwise cited, all quotes come from focus groups conducted by the Center for WorkLife Law in 2007 and 2008.

3. Studies show that 50% of women in science and engineering have no children, and 40% of women professors have fewer children than they would like. Drago, Robert, et al. “The Avoidance of Bias Against Caregiving: The Case of Academic Faculty.” Am. Behavioral Scientist 49 (2006): 1222-47; Mason, Mary Ann and Marc Goulden. “Do Babies Matter?: The Effect of Family Formation on the Life Long Careers of Academic Men and Women.” Acadame (November-December 2002), available at http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2002/ND/Feat/Maso.htm (accessed June 23, 2009).

4. Glick, Peter and Susan T. Fiske. “Ambivalent Stereotypes as Legitimizing Ideologies: Differentiating Paternalistic and Envious Prejudice”, in The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations. edited by John T. Yost and Brenda Major, 278-279. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

5. Fogg, Piper. “Family Time: Why Some Women Quit Their Coveted Tenure-Track Jobs.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 13, 2003. The Faculty section: 10.

6. Message Boards, 2002 “Colloquy,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, available at http://chronicle.com/colloquy/2001/newborns/re.htm and at http://chronicle.com/colloquy/2001/newborns/04.htm (accessed June 23, 2009).